学位级别：硕士
提交日期：2003年5月
答辩日期：2003年5月
论文中文题目：儿童权利初论：《联合国儿童权利公约》探析
英文题目：An Introductory Study of Child’s Rights on UNCRC
作    者：刘莉
所在单位：吉林大学法学院
指导教师：姚建宗
所在单位：吉林大学法学院
分类标识：DF60-059
中文主题标识：儿童权利 儿童权利公约 人权
英文主题标识：Child’s Rights  UNCRC  Human Rights
总页数：51

中文摘要

本文主要对《联合国儿童权利公约》进行了详细的分析与评介，并对儿童权利理论进行了初步探讨。在树立了儿童主体、儿童平等、儿童优先等重要观念的基础上，文章分为四部分对儿童权利及对规定了儿童权利国际法律文件：《联合国儿童权利公约》进行论述并讨论了其对中国儿童权利保护的重要意义和我国解决儿童问题应采取的措施。这四部分包括：儿童权利概说；《联合国儿童权利公约》解析；《联合国儿童权利公约》之儿童权利分析；《联合国儿童权利公约》在我国的实践及儿童权利保护面临的问题与对策。
第一部分，儿童权利概说。这部分主要是为儿童权利的合法性确立了理论基础。在已有权利学说中，对于儿童权利理论的看法集中在“意志说”与“利益说”的争论上。笔者同意“利益说”为儿童权利的理论基础。因为儿童为无行为能力或限制行为能力人，其意志的合法性与有效性很难判断，也无法根据其意志来确定保护的范围、程度、延续的时间等。然而，由于利益说作为体系完整的学说，具有广泛的普遍性，任何权利都不可避免地关涉利益；而且对儿童的保护是对作为主体的儿童的保护而不论其意志的有无；因了人之平等的理念对作为弱者的儿童以保护根源于儿童的利益，也是人类的利益。因此，儿童权利在法律上是指规定或隐含在法律规范中，实现于法律关系中的，儿童作为主体以相对自由的作为或不作为的方式获得的利益，以及为获得这一利益而采取的手段。而后文章通过儿童权利保护的历史发展阐明了儿童权利保护的传统观点、保护观点和解放观点。这三种观点的发展体现了儿童主体地位的确立过程；也是作为利益的儿童权利在逐步实现的过程；人类对自身发展的责任感达成共识、逐渐增强的过程。这个过程的成果就是《联合国儿童权利公约》。
第二部分，《联合国儿童权利公约》的解析。该部分有两点内容：其一，《联合国儿童权利公约》产生的历史背景：继1924年《日内瓦儿童权利宣言》、1959年《儿童权利宣言》之后，《联合国儿童权利公约》在1989年联合国大会上起草并通过；其二，《联合国儿童权利公约》的内容。《联合国儿童权利公约》共54条，分为三个部分：第1条—第41条是主体部分，对各项权利义务进行了具体的规定；第42条—第45条是对成员国履行与《联合国儿童权利公约》实施的规定；第46条—第54条是对《公约》生效、修改、保留等条约常规事项的规定。文章特别讨论了关于“儿童”的定义问题，并总结了《联合国儿童权利公约》的基本原则和特点。基本原则包括：无歧视原则、最佳利益原则、生存与发展原则、尊重儿童意见原则和尽可能使儿童在家庭环境中成长的原则；其特点包括：权利内容具有广泛性且操作性强、强调儿童权利的主体性、一般人权与特殊权利相结合及义务主体多元性与层次性等特点。
第三部分，《联合国儿童权利公约》之儿童权利分析。首先，文章对比较新的儿童权利的分类进行了评介，即将儿童权利分为受保护的权利、参与权和受供给的权利。这种分类是是对儿童作为主体给予重视的体现，由此引出了众学者的讨论：有人持乐观态度如Thomas Hammarberg；也有人持相反意见如Melton 。而后，在这一部分里，文章讨论了儿童权利的普遍性和促进困难儿童的权利保护问题，赞成John Triseliotis的观点：要解决这些问题政府应采取相应的政策与措施。作为此部分的第三个问题，文章评介了《联合国儿童权利公约》与儿童权利保护的制度化——苏格兰儿童听证制度，包括：苏格兰儿童听证制度的概述和关于苏格兰儿童听证制度的争议两个方面内容。对苏格兰儿童听证制度的争议焦点体现在其与《联合国儿童权利公约》的不一致之处、该制度本身的设置和代理制度及其他程序的合理性问题。文章对这三个焦点问题一一进行了讨论。苏格兰儿童听证制度对我国完善儿童权利保护的具体制度有着重要的启发作用。
第四部分，《联合国儿童权利公约》在我国的实践及儿童权利保护面临的主要问题与对策。该部分首先说明了我国加入该公约的经过和加入之后采取的实施行动，特别是遵照公约完成的各项立法，文章特别评介了我国重要的儿童权利保护法律文件《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》，概括分析了该法的宗旨、原则、内容，认为该法体现了我国重视《联合国儿童权利公约》、重视儿童权利保护的基本态度；其次，总结了我国儿童权利保护面临的主要问题和对策，其中包括两方面内容：一方面是现阶段我国处境困难儿童的状况，包括贫困家庭的儿童、童工、流动人口中的儿童等；另一方面是面临的问题与对策。提出了在保护儿童权利中，存在着：法律法规不健全、社会工作缺乏、政府角色缺位等三方面问题。文章对这三个问题分别进行了阐述与分析，并提出了相应的对策。

ABSTRACT

This thesis has mainly studied the theory of “Child’s Rights”, analyzed and given my opinion on UNCRC (United Nations Convention on Rights of Child) in details. Based on the important conceptions such as child subject, child equality, child priority, the thesis has been divided four sections to discourse upon and discuss the international act of UNCRC, then the thesis has argued its impact on the protection of child’s rights in China following UNCRC and the availed strategies China should take to tackle with the child’s problems. The four sections are: the overview of Child’s Rights, the interpretation on UNCRC, the analysis of Child’s Rights prescribed in UNCRC, and the practice of UNCRC in China and the problems and countermeasures of Child’s Rights protection.

For the first section, it is about the overview of Child’s Rights. This section has built up the fundamental theory to justify the Child’s Rights. Among the theories about “right”, the focus of the discuss on Child’s Rights is the argument of two theories, one is “the Interests Theory”, the other is “the Will Theory”. I accept the former. Because child is either non-behavior-ability or partly-behavior-ability, it is difficult to judge the legality and availability of his/her will. Furthermore, we can’t confirm the scope, extent and time to protect child’s rights through the Will Theory. However, as a widely used theory the Interests Theory is a kind of theoretical integrity, and all rights must be connected with interests. For the other thing, we protect child according to her/his individuality, regardless of her/his will. We protect child because he/she need protection as his/her puniness, and we think all person are equal by birth. To protect child is to protect his/her interests, which are our all human being’s interests too. So the Child’s Rights is referred to the interests prescribed by law, which is fulfilled through legal relations and can be obtained by way of qua or slack behavior by child as individuality, including the way to get the interests. Then the thesis sets forth the traditional view, the protection view, and liberation view. These three views is consistent to describe the establishing course of child’s becoming an active subject, the course of child achieving rights as interests step by step, and the course of the human beings recognizing and burdening their responsibilities. One of the results of this course is UNCRC.

For the second part, it has interpreted UNCRC. It includes two parts; one is history context of UNCRC. Based on Genovese Child’s Rights Pronounciamento(1924) and Child’s Rights Pronounciamento(1959), UNCRC had been drafted out and passed by UNC(United Nations Convention). Another part is about the content of UNCRC. UNCRC has 54 items, and is divided three parts: the first part is main part, it prescribes all kinds of rights and obligations in details; the second part prescribes the regulation on the member countries to fulfill the act; the third part is the regulations about the normal things such as effectiveness, amending, preserving of UNCRC etc.. We discuss specially about the problem of the concept of child, and summarize the common principles and properties of UNCRC. The common principles of UNCRC include non-discrimination principle, best interests principle, surviving and development principle, respecting child’s opinion principle and family as best as possible principle. The properties include  wide context of Rights in UNCRC , emphasizing on the individuality of child, fulfilling the bind of general human rights and special ones, and multi-subjects and multi-ranks to undertake obligations.

For the third part, it has discussed Child’s Rights regulated by UNCRC. Firstly, we appraise the newer category of Child’s Rights, the category attaches importance to child as an active subject.  Some ones like Thomas Hammarberg agree that UNCRC can improve the protection of child’s rights, and some ones like John Melton disagree. After talking this topic, we explain the universality of Child’s Rights and the problems of urging protection of child in hot water. On this point, we agree John Triseliotis’s opinion, that is :the government must take measures to settle the problems. As the third section of this part, we introduce one kind of institution on protection of Child’s Rights, Scotland Child Hearing System. We discuss it by two parts: the overview of it and the disputes of it. The disputes focus on three points, one is its disaccord with UNCRC, the other is the setting of the system itself, the last is the rationality of agency system and other procedure in Scotland Child Hearing System. In the text, we discuss the three problems one by one. I think Scotland Child Hearing System can help us to develop our Child’s Rights Protection System.

The last section is about the practice of UNCRC in China and main problems and countermeasures to protect child’s rights. At first, I introduce the achievements that our government has taken through many measures to fulfill UNCRC, especially through legislation, such as the one of the most important acts on protecting child’s rights, PRC Children Protection Law. We consider that the act embodied our government’s attitude about UNCRC and the protection of child’s rights. At  last, I summarize the problems we faced with in the process of protection of child’s rights and the measures we should take to solve the problems. It includes two parts, one is about the status of the children in hot water in China now, the children consist of children in poor family, child labour, children in flowing. Another is about the problems and countermeasures to solve them. The problems includes mainly that there are not enough laws to protect child’s rights, lack of social pursuits, and absence of government in protecting child’s rights. The thesis sets forth and analyzes the three problems, and puts forward the countermeasures.