级别：硕士
提交日期：2003年5月
答辩日期：2003年5月
论文中文题目：论迁徙自由
论文英文题目：On Freedom of Migration
作 者：李强
所在单位：吉林大学法学院
指导教师：马新福教授
所在单位：吉林大学法学院
分类标识：DF0-052
中文主题标识： 迁徙自由
英文主题标识：Freedom of Migration
总页数：61
论文摘要（中文）： 迁徙自由是公民的一项基本权利。但是，在我国由于法律的缺席使得这一权利的实现无法得到相应的保护。建国以来，在计划经济体制下所形成的户籍制度及与其相关联的一系列配套制度对公民的迁徙自由进行了实质上的限制。我国对迁徙自由的认识经历了一个由肯定到否定再到一定程度的默认的过程。二十多年改革开放所带来的巨大社会变化要求我们重新认识迁徙自由的重大意义。本文正是在这一社会背景下论证迁徙自由存在的合理性的。论文分三个部分：

第一部分：迁徙自由的概念解析。在这一部分，笔者以阐释“自由”的基本涵义作为分析的逻辑起点，并以此涵义作为贯穿始终的论证基础。首先，笔者回顾了迁徙自由观念在历史上的发生、发展过程。指出：迁徙自由观念是为适应商品经济的发展和雇佣劳动的需要而产生的，作为一项自然权利的迁徙自由的概念形成于自然法理论和自然权利学说。其次，笔者在分析“迁徙”内涵和“自由”内涵的基础上，将迁徙自由定义为：公民以生活为目的离开原居住地到外地（包括国内和国外）而不受他人或国家非法约束的一种状态。鉴于自由与平等的内在相关性笔者认为迁徙自由内在地包含着自由性内涵和平等性内涵。其中自由性内涵是指：第一，公民以生活为目的离开原居住地到外地这一行为本身不受他人或国家的非法约束；第二，公民为达到“生活的目的”（包括择居、择业、受教育、旅行等）所应平等获得的机会和条件不受他人或国家的非法控制。其中平等性内涵主要包括身份平等和机会平等。再次，笔者从迁徙自由的定义出发归纳了迁徙自由的四大特征：目的性、流动性、经济性、中介性。然后，基于迁徙自由的内涵和基本特征概括出迁徙自由两种性质：迁徙自由是一项消极性权利；迁徙自由是一项带有经济自由权性质的人身自由权。最后，与其它任何一项自由权一样，迁徙自由也必然是相对的、有限度的。因此笔者阐释了法律上限制迁徙自由的几种情况。

第二部分：我国社会背景下迁徙自由存在的合理性论证。在我国，迁徙自由问题的提出是与户籍制度及与其相关的配套制度密切相连的。因此，笔者首先介绍了我国户籍制度和相关制度的历史演进及其对公民迁徙自由的限制。接着，笔者从两个角度对迁徙自由在我国存在的合理性进行了论证。第一是从自发社会秩序生成的角度进行论证。在我国，关于户籍制度改革学者们大体持赞成和反对两种对立的观点，然而其中最根本的分歧在于对迁徙自由和社会秩序之关系这一问题的不同认识，即所抱持的社会秩序观将决定对迁徙自由的认可与否。有鉴于此，笔者引入了西方学者哈耶克的“自生自发秩序”理论，通过对建国以来在我国形成的二元社会结构的分析，指出：建国以来我国形成的二元社会结构正是在一种人为秩序观的指导下以限制公民的迁徙自由的方式而建构起来的社会秩序形态。这样的社会秩序从一开始就伴随着许多不可克服的自我矛盾，如城乡矛盾、工农矛盾、公平和效益的矛盾、积累和消费的矛盾；这样的社会秩序隐含了以城乡居民不平等为核心的总体性不平等；这样的社会秩序必然是一种无法实现微观劳动力市场配置机制的低效率的社会秩序。由此，笔者认为迁徙自由是生成一种自发社会秩序的必要前提。第二是从我国市民社会形成的角度进行的论证。本文循着中国学者于20世纪80年代末90年代初关于建构中国市民社会理论的研究路径，以其作为分析前提和参照框架对迁徙自由在中国存在的合理性进行了分析。提出迁徙自由在形成中国市民社会中主要有三方面的作用：第一，迁徙自由有利于形成真正的市民阶层；第二，迁徙自由有利于促成市民社会中私域的形成，主要体现在形成劳动力资源市场配置和加快城市化进程两个方面；第三，迁徙自由有利于促成市民社会中公域的形成，主要体现为迁徙自由有利于形成政府之间的竞争。

第三部分是我国确认和保障迁徙自由的社会基础和制度构想。迁徙自由从应有权利上升为法定权利再转化为现实权利必然涉及对迁徙自由的确认和保障问题。首先，实现权利形态的转换必须与一定社会的历史条件相适应，因此迁徙自由的实现需要建立在相应的社会基础之上。本文从四个方面论述了我国确认和保障迁徙自由的社会基础，即经济基础、政治基础、观念基础和制度基础。其次，我国确认和保障迁徙自由的制度建设方面应从两方面入手：一是宪法的确认和保障；另一个是相关的法律制度改革，主要是户籍制度改革和与其相关的配套制度改革。迁徙自由是一项法律上应当加以保护的公民自由权，尤其是在我国社会转型的过程中迁徙自由更加承载着重大的现实意义，迁徙自由必将促进我国走向一个流动社会、实现一种自由的秩序。

论文摘要（英文）： The freedom of migration is a basic right to the citizens. For the absence of the corresponding law in our country, the right has not be protected yet. After the foundation of the state, the household registration systems formed under planned economic system and a series of related systems have substantially restricted citizen’s freedom of migration . Our knowledge about the freedom of migration in China has experienced the change from positive to negative and then to some degree of toleration. Enormous social changes brought by the reform and opening-up policy led us realize the importance of the freedom of migration. This article attempts to prove the rationality of the freedom of migration in such social backgrounds. The article is divided into three parts:

Part one analyses the concept of the freedom of migration.In this part,the author analyses the concept of freedom in order to provide the logical starting point of the demonstration.And that is the theoretical foundation for the demonstration of this part. First, the author reviews the emergence and evolution of its conception in history, and points out its conception is to meet development of commodity economy and the employment, its concept as a natural right originated from the theory of the natural law and natural right. Second, the author defines the freedom of migration in accordance with the concept of freedom and migration as follows: it is a state for citizen leaving former residence and arrive at another place(include in the country and out of country)to live, without any illegal restriction from others or the state. On account of the intention of freedom inherently consists of freedom and equality, the intention of the freedom of migration also includes freedom and equality. The intension of freedom includes two aspects. Firstly, citizen’s behavior of migration should not be illegally restrained from others or the state. Secondly, the citizen’s equal chance to realize the purpose of life should not be illegally controlled from others or the state. The intension of equality includes the equality of person and the equality of chance. Third, the author concludes four major characteristics from the concept of the freedom of migration.That includes purposeful nature, mobile nature, economical nature and intermediary nature. Then summarize two basic attribute of the freedom of migration on the basis of concept of freedom and the characteristics of the freedom of migration. First, it is a passive basic right. Second, it is a personal freedom with an economical freedom. Finally, the freedom of migration is relatively and has its legal limitation. Then the author introduces several situations to limit the freedom of migration in the law.

Part two is the rational demonstration about the freedom of migration in China. In our country, the discussion about the freedom of migration is related to our household registration system and a series of related systems. So firstly the author introduces the history of our household registration system and a series of related systems and the restriction of citizen’s freedom of migration from these systems.Then the author demonstrated the rationality of the freedom of migration in China in two aspects. First, it is demonstrated in the formation of spontaneous social order. In our country, about the reform of our household registration system some scholars are for the reform and others are against it. The basic difference is the understanding and demonstration of relation between social order and the freedom of migration. In other words, the different theoretical foundations of social order lead to different views on the freedom of migration.The author introduces Hayek’s theories of spontaneous order of social theory. In the analysis of dual social structure formed in our country, the author points out dual social structure of our country is constituted in accordance with the theory of manmade social order. They restricted citizen’s freedom of migration greatly. The social order is full of the contradictions which can not be get fid of from the beginning, such as contradiction between urban areas and rural areas, contradiction between workers and peasants, contradiction between fairness and efficiency, contradiction between accumulation and consummation etc. The social order implied totality inequality whose central inequality is that of the urban areas and rural areas. The social order is inefficiently unable to meet microcosmic labour market. So the author thinks that the freedom of migration is the prerequisite of the formation of spontaneous social order. Second, the author demonstrates it in the formation of civil society of china. Following the research way of Chinese scholars from the end of 1990t to the beginning of 20th century to form civil social in china, the author analyses the rationality of the freedom of migration. This article points out the three functions of the freedom of migration. Firstly, it helps to form the social stratum of real civil citizen in civil society; Secondly, it helps to form the private sphere in civil society. It is the prerequisite of the market disposition of labor and accelerates urbanization; Thirdly, it help to form the public sphere in civil society. It helps to form the competition between the governments.

Part three is the social foundation and design about the institution to confirm and protect the freedom of migration. Freedom of migration changes from due right to legal right then turn into realistic right must involve its affirmation and protection. First of all, the conversion about the state of the right should be in conformity with historical condition of certain society. So the freedom of migration should be at the corresponding social foundation. This article demonstrates it in four aspects such as economical foundation, political foundation, conception foundation and system foundation. Secondly, in our country, we should confirm and protect it in system construction in two aspects. First, it should be affirmed and protected by the constitution; Second we should reform legal system mainly of the household registration systems and relevant legal system. The freedom of migration as a civil freedom should be protected by law. It is of great importance especially in the social structure’s transition of our country. Freedom of migration will promote the flowing of the society and form free social order!