题　名  意思表示错误问题研究  
作　者  解志国  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  民法学  
指导教师  崔建远  
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3990407  
中文文摘  什么是错误？学说上存在着广泛的争论，概而言之，有罗马法学说，大陆法学说及英美法学说。综上参考各个学说本文认为，错误是指表意人因自身原因致其主观认识与现实之间不一致而这种不一致并不为表意人所知。它包含两方面内容。一是意思表示自身错误，二是意思表示的前提或基础错误。错误与误解这对概念，本文认为不应严格加以区分，误解应包含在广义的错误之中。错误在民法中的体现，主要体现在合同、婚姻行为、收养行为等具体的法律行为中。
错误发生是因表意人陷入错误认识或为错误行为所致，它主观上通常表现为过失。关于错误的认定是个难点问题。本文认为错误的认定方法有以下几种：（1）表意人的目的明确其真意；（2）客观标准，指通常有理性之人的合理判断；（3）结果标准，它指对表意人意思表示所造成的法律行为后果的比较来衡量表意人是否陷入错误；（4）辅助标准。
各国学者对错误有不同分类，本文通过对各国学者分类的考察和评述，得出本文对错误的分类，即将错误分为重要错误和次要错误。重要错误指行为人表达出来的意思与其真实意思存在着重大差别，并且极大地影响了当事人所应享有的权利和负担的义务；次要错误指除重要错误以外的错误，次要错误不影响法律行为的效力。
错误解决之道是错误制度的核心问题。在错误解决之道总论中，本文主要谈了以下几个问题：1。解决之道的价值取向；2具体解决之道，包括两种：一是适用“用语错误，无害真意”规则；二是赋予表意人撤销权。3错误与瑕疵担保责任的竞合，本文认为应优先适用瑕疵担保责任；4错误与合同自始履行不能的关系。本文认为因错误导致合同自始履行不能，应适用错误规则；5最后关于主观法律行为基础理论，本文认为这是德国法上独具争议性的制度，不应引进。在错误解决之道分论中，本文着重对动机错误、和解错误、计算错误、传达错误和法律的错误进行了详细分析，得出了对这类错误的解决方法。
本文最后谈了谈完善我国错误制度的立法思考，通过对错误制度的立法基础、我国错误制度的立法现状及立法需要的考察，提出了完善我国错误制度的立法构想。

英文文摘  What is error? The broad controversies about it exit in the academic circle. Generally, there are three major schools, those are, Rome School, the Continent School an dthe Common Law School. The author think that error is the inconsistency caused of the self reason of the expressing person does not know this inconsistency. Two aspects are included in the concept first is the error of the declaration of will, second is the premise or basis the declaration of will is in error. The author think that the concepts of error and misunderstanding should not be distinguished and the misunderstanding should be included in the broad concept of error. Error is mainly embodied in the contract, marriage, adoption and other civil legal acts of the civil law.
The happening of error is began from the time that the expressing person is in the wrong understanding or performs some wrong acts. The subjective expression is usually negligence. The recognition of error is hard to be achieved and several ways of recognizing error are analyzed in the paper.
(1) the real willing may be explicit by the destination of the expressing person;
(2) the objective standard, that is the usual person''s standard and denotes that the error is recognized by the justification of a usual rational person;
(3) the result standard. It denotes tht the error is recognized through the way that wether the expressing person is in the misunderstanding. It includes some methods of like the principle of equal in value, the principle of fairness; and
(4) the subsidiary standard.
The classification of error is different in different countries. Through the research and evaluation on the classification of the error in the Rome Law and the Common Law, the new classification is achieved in the paper. In this paper, the error is expressed by the behaving person has major difference with has real willing , and this deference will influence the rights and the major error and it will not influence the effect of a legal act.
In the detailed introduction to the way of resolving the problem, the motive error, comprise error, calculation error and delivering error are extensively analyzed and the conclusion is obtained at the end of the detailed introduction.
Lastly, the thinking of perfecting of China''s error legislation ism given. Through the research on the legislative basis, the ongoing situation of China''s error legal system, and the need of new legislation, the suggestion of how to perfect China''s error legal system is proposed at the end of the paper.

关键词  错误,认定,解决之道,自由词  
分类标识  D923  
论文注解日期  19981215  
总页数  68P