题　名  官员受贿的理性思考：试论国家工作人员受贿的原因及预防  
作　者  李中新  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  经济法学  
指导教师  李洁
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3990369  
中文文摘  改革开放以来,国家工作人员因受贿而犯罪的案件数量不断上升,危害日益严重,受贿犯罪屡打不止,“生大于死”的现象已引起全社会的关注。本文以科学、求实的态度,通过着重分析受贿犯罪的特点、危害及原因,针对原因提出预防措施,以利于遏制受贿犯罪的高发态势和蔓延趋势。
当前,国家工作人员受贿犯罪的特点是:受贿手段隐蔽、行为狡诈,受贿分子抗侦查的能力有所增强,往往在受贿之初就做好了反侦查的准备工作；受贿分子“顶风”受贿,受贿分子级别高、受贿数额大,大案、要案猛增；受贿犯罪高发在党政机关、司法机关、行政执法机关和经济管理部门（三机关一部门）,部门集中,受贿现象扩散蔓延。从受贿犯罪的特点可以看出,当前国家工作人员受贿犯罪的危害犹如一把“双刃剑”:一方面,严重破坏了社会主义市场经济建设,影响了经济政策的实施,造成了严重的经济损失；另一方面,严重危害了党的执政地位,离间了党群、干群关系,危及了国家政权和社会的稳定。
实事求是地分析受贿与反受贿的态势,是正确分析受贿原因和提出预防措施的前提。当前,一方面,党和国家作出了一系列加大打击受贿犯罪力度的重大决策,打击受贿犯罪的声势、力度在加大；另一方面,受贿的“抗药性”也在增强,它的具体内容、表现方式和手段也在发展,受贿现象仍然严重,仍然存在,滋生蔓延的势头还没有得到遏制,表现了“生大于死”的总体态势。本人结合纪检监察工作实际,坚持社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识反作用于社会存在的唯物辩证的思维方法,从我国社会主义初级阶段的基本国情一一生产力还不发达这一社会现实出发,得出受贿犯罪首先是一种经济现象,是以“扭曲的形式实现的利益关系”的结论。评析了在分析受贿原因方面的三种不完全正确的观点,即:腐朽意识决定论、外部制约缺陷决定论和商品经济的负作用。围绕受贿是“以扭曲形式实现的利益关系”这一主线,从国家工作人员为什么“想受贿”、“敢受贿”而且“能受贿”切入主题,分析受贿犯罪的原因,针对原因,提出具体的预防措施。
“想受贿”,是指受贿动机是如何产生的。先从分析物质资料一一人生存的第一需要入手,进而看到当今国家工作人员对物质资料的占有与消费状况是:国家工作人员收入低,与其所从事的需要较高智力、负有重要社会责任的管理工作不相适应。为了改善经济条件,他们需要钱等物质资料。而国家工作人员除了工资收入以外,没有其它合法的经济来源。经济上的“窘迫”导致其心理失衡,封建特权思想、资本主义文化糟柏的影响,使这种失衡加剧,加之“十年改革,最大的失误是放松了思想政治教育”,使部分国家工作人员形成了歪曲的价值观、颠倒的利益观和畸形的权力观等错误观念。在这些错误观念的支配下,一旦遇到合适的土壤,“想受贿”的种子就会发芽。
“敢受贿”,是指面对受贿罪的最高刑一一死刑,为什么有受贿动机的国家工作人员还敢受贿?先从法律对受贿规定的缺陷入手,得出“敢受贿”的主要原因是打击不力,影响了刑罚的威慑作用的发挥。打击不力主要表现在：国家工作人员受贿的多,发现的少；受贿所得的多,查实定罪的少；对受贿犯罪查处不即时,惩罚标准不一致；“受贿的没被惩罚,拒贿的没被重用。”导致了受贿的心理成本低,经济“零”成本,制约成本低,而受贿收入高。这种高收入,低成本,使得国家工作人员敢受贿。
“能受贿”,是指有受贿动机、敢受贿的国家工作人员,在客观上具备了什么样的条件,才能完成受贿行为。在目前我们还不能让所有的国家工作人员都能做到“不”或“不敢”受贿的条件下,减少乃至杜绝受贿的可能性,就显得至关重要。社会主义初级阶段,“能受贿”主要是由于政治体制的不完善和经济体制有缺陷所致。其表现:党政机构庞大,人员臃肿,效率不高,官僚主义严重；权力过于集中,又缺乏对权力,特别是党政领导干部手中权力的有效制约；监督制约机制软弱无力；市场秩序不规范。
分析受贿的原因,是为了寻找预防受贿的办法。关于如何预防受贿,针对前面对受贿原因的分析,主要从以下几方面入手:第一,通过改善待遇,提高工资收入,加强对国家工作人员的共产主义世界观的教育,增强其免疫力,使大多数国家工作人员不想受贿。第二,通过完善反贪贿工作机制,改革现有的反贪污、贿赂工作体制,健全和完善国家工作人员财产申报和收入申报制度,健全和完善举报等法律制度,及时查处受贿犯罪,使受贿犯罪分子都能得到依法惩处,提高刑罚的威慑作用,“伸手必被捉”就会使少数意志薄弱、有受贿动机的人不敢实施受贿行为。第三,通过精简机构,压缩编制,转变政府职能,来提高办事效率；完善公务员制度；对权力进行有效制约等项改革,建立与市场经济体制相适应的政治体制。通过加快资源配置的市场化,逐步取消资源配置方面价格、利率、汇率的双轨制；转变政府职能,规范政府权力,将政府直接管理经济转变为对经济的宏观调控,严禁政府从事经营活动，大力推进国有企业改革等项改革措施,来完善社会主义市场经济体制。第四,通过加强党内监督、行政监督、人大监督,完善政协的民主监督,强化群众监督、舆论监督,来加大监督力度,构筑成有中国特色的网状监督体系,使极少数有受贿动机,敢受贿的国家工作人员没有机会实施受贿行为。
通过改革使国家工作人员不想受贿、不敢受贿和不能受贿,来达到预防受贿犯罪高发、蔓延的目的。所以,邓小平指出：“对于物质缺乏诱发的不正之风,非得依靠发展经济才能消除。对于体制弊端所滋生的腐败现象,非得靠深化改革才能治本。”

英文文摘  Nowadays, the fundamental traits of government officials'' taking bribes are as follows:
1. The act of taking bribes is under cover and deceitful. Moreover, bribes seem to have required more experience of dealing with the investigation. It''s often the case that bribes have already make preparation before they take bribes.
2. Bribes are the people of ranks and the amount of bribes is breathtaking. The major and hard cases are burgeoning.
3. The acceptance of bribes usually takes place in the Party and government offices, judicial offices, administrative organs and branches of economic administration.
Practical and realistic analyses of the tendency of bribery and anti-bribery are the basis of the correct analyses of the reason for bribery and the advancement of the precautionary measures. For the time being, on one hand our Party and our country have made a series of major policies to give heavier blows on the bribes of profit making realized by a retorted means. At the same time, I appraise and analyze three partly wrong opinions about the reasons for the acceptance of bribes: corruptive consciousness determinism, the external restrictive defect determinism and the side effect of commodity economy. Revolving around the theme that bribery is "a kind of profit-making realized by a retorted means" beginning with the three questions: why government officials have desire for bribes, why they dare take bribes and why they are able to take bribes, I make an analysis of the reason for bribery and in view of the reason I come up with some specific precautionary measures.
"he desire for bribes" here refers to the process of the formation of the motive for bribery. We may start from the analysis of the materials ---- the first need for man s survival. Go further and we may see that today government officials'' possession and consumption of material wealth: the income of government officials is relatively low, which is not consistent with their administrative work because it requires sufficient intellect and great responsible. In order to improve their economic conditions and live a better-off and comfortable life, they have to get more money and other kind of materials.
"Daring to take bribes" is here used to indicate that with the strictest penalty - death sentence for bribery, why so many government officials are willing to accept bribes. The analysis of the defect of the laws about bribery provides the cause for us, that is: the blow on this kind of crime is not hard enough for the criminal penalty to give full play to its deterrent force.
"Being able to accept bribes" shows that under what kind of objective conditions, the government officials who have the motive for bribery and dare accept bribes are able to finish the process of taking bribes. So far, to hope that all government officials will not have desire for bribes or dare not take bribes is not realistic. So it appears to be of extreme importance to reduce or even eliminate the possibility of bribery. On the primary stage of socialism, "Being able to accept bribes" is mainly caused by the imperfect and defective political system.
The reason for the analysis of bribery is to seek out the way to take precautions against bribery. As to how to prevent bribery, according to the above analysis of the reason of bribery, I suggest we take following steps. Firstly, the government may improve government officials'' working and living conditions, raise their salaries and strengthen the education of world outlook so that they will have immunity against bribes. Secondly, through perfecting anti-bribery working mechanism, reform the existing anti-corruption and anti-bribery working mechanism, perfect the declaration system of property and income, perfect such legal system as accusation, make timely investigations on the bribery, punish the bribes in accordance with the law and give full play to the criminal penalty''s deterrent force so that a few persons of weak will dare not accept bribes although they have such motives. Thirdly, by simplifying administrative structure, reducing the staff and shifting the functions of government, improve the working efficiency, perfect public officer system, reform power restriction system and build up the political system that is consistent with the market system. Fourthly, through the supervision within the Party, administrative supervision and the supervision of the People''s Congress, perfect the supervision of the Chinese People''s Political Consultative Conference, strengthen the supervision of the people and public opinion and build up the network of supervision system with Chinese characteristics so that those who have motives for have no chance of accepting bribes.

关键词  官员,受贿,思考,自由词  
分类标识  D924  
论文注解日期  19990415  
总页数  72P