题　名  立功五论  
作　者  喻春江  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  刑法学  
指导教师  吴振兴  
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3990089  
中文文摘  本文从五个方面论述了立功制度。
一、立功本质论
正确认识立功的本质,必须运用多层次的思维方式。
(一)立功的概念及特征
早在先秦时期,就有立功的思想萌芽,封建社会后,历代刑法都有立功制度的雏形。新民主主义革命时期,立功制度有所发展。新中国两部刑法典及有关司法解释,都对立功作了明确规定,其中,新《刑法》及1998年有关司法解释对立功作了比较完善的规定,这就要求必须对理论界原有的立功概念重新加以界认。本文认为,立功是指犯罪分子在到案后判决发生法律效力前的期间内,检举揭发他人犯罪行为,查证属实的,提供侦破其他案件的重要线索,经查证属实的,阻止他人犯罪活动,协助司法机关抓捕其他犯罪嫌疑人以及其他有利于国家和社会的突出表现的,依法作为从宽处罚情节的行为。立功的概念表明立功具有功能的刑事政策性、内容的法定性以及地位的独立性的特征。
(二)立功的本质及根据
透过各种具体立功现象,可以发现立功具有这样一种特定本质:立功是犯罪分子实施的符合法律规定的依法可以作为从宽处罚情节的正义行为。其根据在于:符合刑法正义性、有利刑罚目的性、促进司法效率性。
二、立功分类论
根据不同的标准,可将立功划分为不同的种类。以行为对国家和社会贡献程度大小从而法律明文规定从宽处罚力度的大小为标准,可将立功分为:一般立功、重大立功以及自首后重大立功；以法律明文规定的立功内容为标准,可将立功分为检举揭发立功、提供重要线索立功、阻止他人犯罪立功、协助抓捕立功以及其他立功等。
三、立功构成论
立功的构成要件是指法律规定的构成立功所必须具备的主体和客观要件的总和。立功的主体必须是犯罪分子；立功的内容必须是符合法律规定的五种正义行为；立功的时间必须在犯罪分子到案后判决发生法律效力前的期间内；立功还必须符合确认要件。
四、立功认定,处罚论
正确认定立功,必须解决三类问题:
（一）立功认定的一般问题。
1、立功的开始时间是犯罪分子到案,所谓到案,是指司法机关对犯罪分子最早采取的强制措施之时和犯罪分子投案之时两种。根据1998《解释》规定,重大立功的条件——“重大犯罪”、“重大案件”、“重大犯罪嫌疑人”的标准是指犯罪嫌疑人、被告人可能被判处无期徒刑以上刑罚或者案件在本省、自治区、直辖市或者全国范围内有较大影响等情形；2、立功后逃跑或到案后逃跑期间的立功行为应当予以认定；3、司法工作人员犯罪后的检举揭发行为不宜一概认定为立功,只有检举揭发或提供其“职务范围”以外的犯罪行为和案件线索的才构成立功；4、在帮助立功的四种情形中,犯罪分子的亲友帮助立功和在押犯人帮助立功应当予以认定,司法工作人员和律师帮助立功不能予以认定。
（二）具体立功认定的问题
1、检举揭发立功的认定。(1)检举揭发同案犯与自己共同犯罪行为的,不构成立功；(2)检举揭发同案犯与自己共同犯罪以外的其他罪行的,应当属于立功；(3)检举揭发司法机关已经处理完结的犯罪行为或检举揭发司法机关已经基本掌握的犯罪行为,不能认定立功；(4)检举揭发不构罪的一般违法行为，不构成立功。
2、提供重要线索立功的认定。(l)提供他人与自己共同犯罪的司法机关还没有掌握的线索,不属于立功；(2)提供重要线索的其他案件的性质应当是刑事犯罪案件；(3)提供的重要线索只要对侦破其他案件有实质帮助,不必等案件侦破,就可以认定立功。
3、协助抓捕立功的认定。(1)协助司法机关抓捕的犯罪嫌疑人既包括其他犯罪嫌疑人,也包括同案犯,共同犯罪人。(2)协助抓捕的形式有亲自实施抓捕行为和提供犯罪人住所、活动规律等两种。
4、阻止他人犯罪立功的认定。(l)阻止他人犯罪的时间主要是在犯罪实行阶段,也包括犯罪预备阶段；(2)阻止他人犯罪的方法既包括身体动作,也应包括符合条件的“口语”行为。
5、其他立功的认定。这种立功的认定应参照刑法第78条关于减刑立功的有关规定来具体认定。
（三）立功认定的两个特殊问题
1、立功不需要具有真诚悔悟的主观要件。
2、购买犯罪信息和案件线索不能认定为立功。
(四)对立功的犯罪分子的处罚
对一般立功的犯罪分子,可以从轻或减轻处罚,对重大立功的犯罪分子,可以减轻或免除处罚；对自首后重大立功的犯罪分子,应当减轻或免除处罚。
五、立功完善论
(一)立功的发展规律及趋势
立功的发展规律及趋势是:立功从依附走向独立；立功的内容不断扩大；立功的要件逐渐放宽,从宽处罚力度不断加大。
(二)立功的完善
在程序上,应建立立功告知制度、立功受理登记制度；建立立功认定机构和立功认定程序；建立检举揭发、提供破案线索原则上应在法院送达起诉书前提出的制度。在实体上,应明确界定作为刑罚裁量制度的立功的起止时间；提供线索立功的构成要件应统一；刑法应明文规定“犯罪分子揭发检举虚假、编造破案线索的,可以从重处”。

英文文摘  This paper will take up the system of service rendering in five aspects.
I. On the nature of service rendering
Mode of thinking in a comprehensive manner must be adopted for correct understanding of the nature of service rendering.
(I) Concept and special features of service rendering
(II) Nature and basis of service rendering
II. On the classification of service rendering
According to different standards, service rendering can be divided into different kinds. According to the extent of contribution to the state and society, and the resultant lenience of penal punishment, the service rendering can be divided into following kinds: common service rendering, major service rendering or that after confession; According to lawful standard of service rendering, it can be divided into service rendering by exposure, by rendering important clues, by preventing other crimes and by helping to catch other suspects, etc.
III. On the composition of service rendering
Major elements of the composition of service rendering refer to the sum of subjective and objective elements, which have to be provided for the composition of service rendering. The subject of service rendering must be criminals; the content of service rendering must be the five just actions stipulated according to law; the period of service rendering must be within the duration when the criminals came to the case and the judgement has not yet become effective; and service rendering must conform to the verification elements.
IV. On the determination of service rendering and punishment
Three kinds of problems must be solved for correct determination of service rendering:
(I) General information about the determination of service rendering
1. The service rendering shall begin at the time when criminals comes to the case. To come to the case means either the time when the judicial organs take the earliest compulsory measures to the criminals or when the criminals come to confession. According to the Interpretation in 1998, one of the conditions for major service rendering, i.e. the standard of major crimes, important cases, and key suspects, refers to the facts that the suspects or the accused shall be possibly announced to life sentence or to more serious sentence, or the case(s) shall produce big influence within the scope of province, prefecture, city or the whole country; 2. Action of service rendering in the period when the suspect has escaped after the service rendering or after he/she has come to the case; 3. Exposure cannot be all determined as service rendering except for those which expose or provide clues to the case(s) or the crimes beyond the scope of office of judicial persons; 4. Concerning the four cases to help the service rendering, the assistance for service rendering offered by relatives of criminals or criminals in prison should be acknowledged, excluding that offered by judicial workers and lawyers.
(II) Concerning the determination of detailed service rendering (III) Punishment for criminals who have rendered service V. On the perfection of service rendering
(I) Law and trend of the development of service rendering
Service rendering will grow increasingly independent; content of service rendering has been increasingly expanded; major elements of service rendering have been gradually widened; and lenient punishment has been continuously enlarged.
(II) Perfection of service rendering
Both report and registration systems concerning the procedures of service rendering should be set forth; verification organization and procedures should be established for service rendering; a system should be set up concerning the principle under which exposure and clues for case investigation and crack should be provided before the day when the indictment shall be sent by the court. Substantially, a deadline for service rendering for penal measurement should be clearly defined; elements of service rendering by providing clues should be unified; and the penal code should clearly set forth that "more severe punishment shall be made to those who provide false exposure or clues for case investigation".

关键词  刑事政策,立功制度,自由词  
分类标识  D924  
论文注解日期  19990315  
总页数  56P