题　名  重新规范我国外贸代理制的法律探讨  
作　者  田雨  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  经济法学  
指导教师  王庆海，  
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3980289  
中文文摘  代理是一个普遍承认的法律概念，在国际贸易中被长期而广泛采用。由于它受各国的经济体制和政策影响，使代理制的发展始终与贸易现实的发展密切相关。因此，具有现代化的复杂性。
本文共由三部分构成，第一部分简述代理制的历史发展，概述对外贸易代理制的特征及法律地位，以及在我国司法实践中的应用情况。第二部分着重分析我国推行贸易代理制中存在的问题。第三部分从战略上提出规范我国外贸代理制的基本思路，从法律和实务的结合上探讨解决问题的具体措施。
第一部分在于说明代理制发展的历史进程，从古罗马法、大陆法及英美法中对代理的承认与应用的情况来看，代理制同其它法律制度一样随着商品经济的发展不断丰富和完善，直到现在各国关于代理的法律规定也不尽相同。我国的外贸代理既不同于民法通则中对代理的规定，也不同于大陆法系及英美法系所称的代理；与国际通行的代理规则也有很大区别，我国外贸实务中所说的代理制通常为：有外贸经营权的公司、企业根据无外贸经营权的企、事业单位及个人的委托办理进出口业务的一种法律制度。由于这种代理是以外贸经营权的审批制为基础的，决定了它是一种强制性代理，代理关系的确立并非自愿。随着我国外贸体制改革的不断深入，外贸经营权不断放开，出现了有对外贸易经营权的企业之间的代理。且代理人以被代理人的名义对外签订合同。比较客观的体现了自愿、公平、等价有偿的原则。
为了明确代理各方当事人的权利、义务，1991年对外经贸部发布了《关于对外贸易代理的暂行规定》（以下简称《暂行规定》），对代理人以自己名义与外商签订进出口合同或以被代理人的名义签订的进出口合同所适用的不同法律进行了明确的规定。而真正能够体现外贸代理法律地位的是1994年全国人大七次会议通过的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》，但由于在某些方面规定的过于笼统，在实际中缺少操作性。
从我国司法实践来看，目前各级法院在审理进出口代理纠纷案件时，基本采用“分段式”审理办法。但是随着代理纠纷案件的逐渐增多，他们认识到，光凭《民法通则》和《暂行规定》是难以处理好代理案件中的各种复杂关系的。
第二部分主要分析我国在推行外贸代理中存在的问题，第一，从对代理概念的界定入手，分别就我国的外贸代理同大陆法系代理、英美法系代理、国际上通行的代理规则相比较，分析我国外贸代理的特殊性，具体表现为：1、外贸公司接受国内企业的委托后，以自己的名义而不是以国内企业的名义同外商签约。2、外贸公司在与外商所签的进出口合同中，是合同一方的当事人，因此直接对外商承担该合同的法律义务与责任。也就是说，若国内企业履行合同不当，外贸公司将成为外商索赔或诉讼的对象。3、国内企业与外商之间没有直接的合同关系，但它实际上是进出口合同的最终权利义务的承担者，承担了最终的法律结果。第二，从贸易实务的角度看，代理各方当事人主体地位不清，权利义务关系失衡。由于外贸代理的特殊性，容易出现三方当事人的纠纷，因此与外商之间进出口合同的签订者一一外贸
公司与合同项下权利义务的实际承担者一一国内企业不是同一主体。所以要迅速有效地处理当事人的纠纷也需要对外贸代理制作出明确具体的法律规定。第三，从实际操作的情况看，各当事人除对代理概念理解不同之外，实际履行中也出现偏差，突出表现是：不签订委托代理协议；单方的变更和修改合同，无权代理，或越权代理等等。
第三部分主要从战略角度提中解决外贸代理问题的根本思路：我国的外贸代理制必须同国际代理惯例相符合，一方面要加快赋予生产企业外贸经营权的步伐，逐步实现登记制，另一方面全面扩大外贸公司的内贸经营权，实现内外贸的统一，将外贸代理制的推行建立在国内流通体制一体化的基础上。在完成这一目标的过渡期内，应采取的具体措施包括：
首先，扩大我国代理的法律概念。一是修订《民法通则》中关于代理概念条款，增加间接代理的法律规定。二是借鉴《国际货物销售代理公约》的有关规定，如代理概念、代理人的报酬权、双方权利义务的行使等规定。另外，英美法系的隐名代理制的委托人的直接介人权，大陆法系的行纪制度等，都对完善我国外贸代理概念有借鉴作用。
其次，要解决代理双方权利义务平衡问题。这就要求做到以下三点：1、要通过债的让与或其它方法将代理人对外享有和承担的权利义务转移给委托人；2、减轻外贸公司在代理中的经营风险；3、加大外贸公司经营中的过错而应承担的责任。
最后，要从解决好外贸代理的内部关系人手，完善委托代理合同。外贸公司与外商经多年的业务往来已形成一套相当完善的标准合同。而委托人和受托人之间的法律关系则缺少一个完整的、统一的书面协议，因此要尽快制定《外贸代理协议示范文本》，明确代理双方的基本职责，同时还应对代理费问题、中止条款、补偿条款、商业和企业机密条款、非竟争条款等作出具体规定，从根本上解决双方权利义务失衡问题，这是本文论述的核心部分。  
英文文摘  Agency is a concept of law accepted generally and adopted long and widely in international trade. Affected by economic system and politics of countries, the development of agency system is closely related to the development of trade condition. So, it has complicacy of modernization.
The article is composed 6f three sections. The first tells the developing condition, the character, the status in our country and the applied state in brief in judicature practice of cur country. The second emphatically analyses the problems consisting in app1ying of trade agency system. The third brings out the basic thought that normalizes the trade agency of our country strategically and probe into the concrete method solving problem from the combination between law and functional.
The first explains that external trade in our country is different from regulation about agency in general rule of civil law from agency in the main land, English and American law system and greatly from the agency stipulation adopted internationally. The agency system in having foreign trade business of our country is often one kind system that the companies and enterprises having the power to engage in foreign trade handle exports and imports based on the personal enterprises and institutions'' entrusting. Because this agencv is based on the approval of the power to engage in foreign trade. It decides it is one kind mandatory agencv and the setup of agencv relationship isn''t voluntary with the continue reforms deepgoing of foreign trade in our country and the continue softening of the power to engage in foreign trade, the agency for the enterprises having the power to engage in foreign trade occurs. Furthermore, the agent sign a contract with the name of the nominal party, which embodies the principles of voluntary, fairy, equal price and paying more objectively.
In order to explicit agencies'' rights and obligations, Ministry of Foreign Economics and Trade issued 《Temporary provisions about agency of foreign trade》(it is called 《Temporary provisions》for short following), which regulates different law explicitly suited to the contracts of exports and imports that agencies sign with the foreign merchant by their own name or the nominal parties name. The law state of foreign trade agency can be reflected indeed by 《The law of foreign trade of the Peop1e''s Republic of China》). But because some areas are regulated too roughly it isn''t operated easily in practice.
It can be seen from the judicature practice of our country that the counts of every levels mostly adopt the method of different segments. When they are examining the dispute case of the agency in foreign trade at present. However, with the increasing of the dispute case they realize it is hard to dispose different kinds complicated relationships in the agency case only by 《The general rule of civil law 》and 《Temporary regulations》.
Secondly we know the state of agencies is not clear and the relationship between rights and obligations are out of balance from the trade functional. Because of the special of foreign trade agency the dispute among three nominal parties easily occurs. Hence the side who sign the exports and imports contract with foreign trader and the indeed under taker of the contract the civil enterprise are n''t the same subject. In order to handle the dispute quietly and efficiently the concrete law congratulations must be made to the foreign trade agency. Thirdly, the nominal parties fulfil differently from the operation except they understand the concept of agent differently. It mainly manifests: Not signing the entrusting agency agreement, the signing side changing and revising the contract, agency without rights or agency beyond rights, and so on.
The third mainly brings out the basic method that solves the problem of foreign trade agency from the strategy. The agency of foreign trade in our country must conform to the customs of international agency;. On one hand, the pace that the enterprises are to begin to the managing of the foreign trade must be fasten, on the other hand the managing rights of internal trade of the foreign trade company and unite the internal and foreign trade. Base the pursing of foreign trade agency on the unity of the civil circulating system. During the period of transition, the concrete methods must be adopted.
At first, we must extend the concept of our country''s agency, on the one hand, we should revise some items about agency law in《general rule of civil law》and add some items about indirect agency. On the other hand, we should use the law about《international law of goods agency》such as concept of agency, the rights of agency and some laws of rights and you should do. Furthermore, the direct of the agency in the noname agency system in English and American law system, the mainland law systems rights and laws in Chinese.
Both of them have done some use for reference to our country''s agency concept.
The second, if you want to solve the problem of rights of two sides you should have done the three point followed: first, you must send the agency right to the master by giving them rights or some other ways. Second, let foreign company have less danger. Thirdly, enlarge the responsibility of the foreign trades when they are wrong during the management. At last to melce the agency contract better, we must solve it by the way that solves the relationship in agency foreign trade company and foreign company have formed a good normal contract during the trade. But agency and master haven''t haven one concrete, unity agreement in paper.
So we must create《foreign trade agency contract example version》to make the rights and obligation clear and make the money problem stopping item paying item trade and company''s secret incompete item to solve the problem about the rights and obligations out of balance of both sides.

关键词  外贸代理制,原则,问题,自由词  
分类标识  D922  
论文注解日期  19980515  
总页数  24P