题　名 论我国的宪法监督及其完善
作　者 李洪明
作者单位 吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012
专　业 宪法
指导教师 姚建宗
学位级别 303
馆藏索取号 3010650
中文文摘 宪法自问世以来极大地推动了人类社会的文明进程，也是人类文明的代表性标志之一。但众所周知，任何一部宪法都不会自动实施来体现其价值与功能。要保证宪法的准确、有效实施，除了建立一些必要的政治性协调机制之外，还必须建立由专门机关监督宪法实施的法律机制，励行宪法监督。　 文章以此为论述起点，重新厘清了宪法监督的概念，比较了不同国家、不同法系之下的宪法监督模式。提出了完整意义上的宪法监督概念应当包括宪法监督的性质、主体和对象等内容。并在此基础上展开论述，指出宪法监督包括两种情况：一种是宪法监督专门机关对国家机关或其他组织的违宪行为或有关机关适用宪法的过程产生的争议进行监督和审查，并对违宪行为给予制裁；另一种是除宪法监督专门机关之外的其他国家机关、社会团体、政党组织和公民个人对宪法的监督和制约。出于文章自身逻辑的展开和现实生活的考虑，本文论述的重点集中第一种情况之下的诸问题的讨论。　 文章接下来是对各种类型的宪法监督模式的比较，指出对宪法监督模式的运用以及选择不单单是制度上的考量，还有民族、文化特质性要求的制约，而从法理意义上讲，建构宪法监督模式的制度性起点，不能不是对宪法监督法律关系的梳理。　 进而，文章对宪法监督法律关系进行了梳理。提出宪法监督主体应当采用二元法，把宪法监督权分为决定权和建议权两种权能，分别由二个机关来行使。此两个机关共同构成宪法监督的主体。其中，立法机关依“人民主权”原则享有决定权；另一机关（即专门机关或司法机关）依“分权原则”有强制性建议权。在宪法监督对象和内容上，依监督对象的行为把宪法监督内容归为五类，即规范性文件、特定个人的行为、国家机关之间的权限争议、选举争议、国际条约等。　 在分析完上述问题以后，接下来是对我国宪法监督现状的考察。文章指出，从历史的、纵向的意义上看，我国宪法监督有其进步的一面；从现实的、横向的意义上看，我国的宪法监督离真正意义上的宪法监督还相去甚远。文章回顾了历史、考察了现实，描述了现行宪法监督的特征。进而，指出了我国现行宪行监督中存在着宪法监督缺乏连续性、缺乏专门性、缺乏可操作性、缺乏准确性和宪法本身缺乏适用性等等诸多的重大问题。在此基础上分析了造成我国现行宪法监督状况的观念层面原因和法律制度方面的原因。文章的结论部分采用制度设计的方式，提出了完善我国宪法监督的基本设想，即“二元化监督，二步走方案”。具体论述的展开是：第一阶段，二元化宪法监督制度的初始化与起步阶段。在此阶段，在监督主体上主张在全国人民代表大会下设立专门的宪法委员会（宪法监督委员会）；在监督权上主张宪法监督委员会行使审议权、监督权、提案权和建议权以及事前审查权、事后审查权、违宪议案的初审权、特别调查权、宪法解释权。在监督程序上设受理程序和听证程序。第二阶段，二元化宪法监督机制进一步合理化与完成阶段。在该阶段监督主体由立法机关与相对独立的专门机构——宪法法院构成，为减少立法机关违宪的可能性，前一阶段的宪法监督委员会可以保留下来。在监督权上，宪法法院享有的监督权与宪法监督委员会的监督权大体相同，不同的是宪法法院享有强制性建议权和司宪权，在监督程序上，宪法法院采用事前审查和事后审查的方式审查规范性文件。同时，宪法法院还要受理宪法诉讼，其程序可分为提起、受理、准备、审理、表决和公布等。
英文文摘 The constitution, being one of the representative symbol of human civilization, has greatly pushed forward the course of social civilization. However, it is obvious that any constitution will not work automatically to embody the value and the function. To ensure the constitution exact, effective enforcement, save establishing some necessary political coordination system, the establishment of a law system supervising the constitution's enforcement by a special organ is a must.　The thesis begins with this exposition, clarifying the concept of the constitution supervision and comparing the constitution supervision pattern under the different law systems of different countries. It is pointed out that a comprehensive constitution supervision concept should include the constitution supervision's nature, subject and object etc. Based on this, the thesis further points out two circumstances of the constitution supervision.　One is that the special organ for the constitution supervision supervises, investigates the state organs, other organizations' violation of the constitution or the disputes emerging from the application of the constitution in some related organs, then imposes sanctions for the violation of the constitution. The other is that, except the special organ for constitution supervision, other state organs, social groups, political party organizations and the individual citizen supervision and restriction on the constitution. Out of the consideration of the thesis logical development and the real life, it intends to give emphasis to the discussion in the first circumstance.　 Then follows a comparison of several patterns of the constitution supervision, which tells that the application and selection of the patterns of the constitution supervision is nor merely out of the consideration of the regulations, but also restricted by the distinctiveness of nationalities and culture. From the point of view of Jurisprudence, to establish the starting point of the regulated pattern of the constitution supervision is indeed the arrangement of the relationship that the constitution supervises the law.　Furthermore, the thesis points out that the subject of the constitution supervision should adopt the duality method i.e. divide the supervision right into determination right and suggestion right executed by two organs, which constitute the subject of the constitution supervision. The legislative organ enjoys the determination right according to the principle of the sovereignty of people . The other organ (i.e. a special organ or a judicial organ) enjoys the compulsive suggestion right according to 'the division of rights'. As far as the object and content of the constitution supervision is concerned, the content of the constitution supervision can be classified into five categories according to the act of the object of the supervision, The five categories are the regulatory documents, the particular individual act, the right limit disputes among the state organs, the election disputes, and the international treaty.　After analyzing the above issues this thesis makes an investigation about the present situation of our constitution supervision. On the one hand, historically and vertically, our constitution supervision has its progress,. On the other hand, realistically and horizontally, our constitution supervision is far from the constitution supervision in its real sense. Reviewing the history and investigating the reality, the thesis describes the features of our current constitution supervision, and points out some serious problems in our current constitution supervision such as lack of continuity, lack of the specialized organs, lack of the possibility of operation, lack of preciseness and lack of appreciation of the constitution itself. Based upon that, the thesis analyses, on the level of mentality and the legal regulations, the reasons that causes our current constitution supervision..　The conclusion part adopts regulation-designing way to put forward the basic assumption of perfecting our constitution supervision, i.e. dual supervision, two-step scheme . The specific discussion spread as follows. The first stage is the beginning period of dual constitution supervision. In this stage, a special constitution committee( constitution supervision committee) is suggested with regard to the subject of the supervision. As for the supervision right, the constitution supervision insists that the constitution supervision committee exercise consideration right, the supervision right of the proposal right, the suggestion right, the right of investigation before and after the case as well as the right of first trial on motion of violation of the constitution, the special investigation right, the right of the expounding of the constitution. About the supervision procedure, the constitution supervision committee suggests to set up the reception procedure and the hearing procedure.

关键词 宪法,监督,完善,自由词
分类标识 D921
论文注解日期 20010410
总页数 40P